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Pyrometallurgical Smelting

     

The spent three-way catalysts are first ball-milled into fine powder, then mixed with lead flue dust and lead-silver slag for granulation. The obtained granules are fed into a blast furnace for smelting and enrichment, and the produced crude lead (lead bullion) is sent for cupellation, which yields a silver-palladium-platinum-rhodium alloy.

The alloy is leached with nitric acid to separate silver and palladium, which are then isolated from the nitric acid leachate via precipitation. The remaining undissolved residue is leached with aqua regia to separate platinum, which is subsequently extracted from the aqua regia leachate, while the aqua regia-insoluble residue is rhodium powder.

However, due to the relatively high content of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the spent three-way catalysts, the enrichment of PGMs via lead-silver capture is far from satisfactory, requiring two stages of enrichment and resulting in excessive PGM loss in the smelting slag. In addition, the enriched crude lead has an excessively high PGM grade, causing considerable PGM loss in lead oxide and cupellation slag during the cupellation process, which necessitates further enrichment and a subsequent secondary cupellation of the reprocessed crude lead.

Overall, this method has the drawbacks of long process flow, lengthy production cycle, heavy polluti

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